Symbolism in Poe’s Works Essay - 1166 Words

Many authors often use symbolism to express a deeper meaning. They use the symbols to connect an unrelated thought or feeling into their literary work they are writing. Edgar Allan Poe frequently uses this literary device in his works. Symbols are many times seen in his poems and in his short stories. Many symbols are evident in Poe’s works â€Å"The Raven,† â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† and â€Å"The Black Cat.† Because Poe’s works are typically dark, his use of symbols is in a dark way. Although there are many types of symbols manifested in these stories, Poe’s works generally include a symbol that eludes death or the end of something and many include references of sight and vision. Edgar Allan Poe uses many different symbols of death or the end in his†¦show more content†¦A prophet is a proclaimer of God’s will, sees what is coming before those who he proclaims it to, representing sight, while the raven is dark and mysterious being a symbol of death (â€Å"The Raven† 286). Other uses of symbolism in the poem include Poe’s reference of the goddess Pallas and use of archaic words symbolizing the past and how the narrator is stuck in the past (Silverman 240). The narrator is trapped in a time where he believes he will be with Lenore again. The raven being perched on the bust of the goddess Pallas is also a symbol of the narrator’s belief that the raven is speaking a truthful and wise answer, for the Pallas is the goddess of wisdom, even though the raven cannot have thought provoked answers (Hallqvist). In the short story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† Edgar Allan Poe uses many varying symbols, symbols that represent more than one feeling or idea. The old man’s eyes in the story are symbolic of a few things. The eyes are symbolic of how old man had a distorted view of the world which could possibly be why the narrator felt he had to kill the old man. The narrator calls the e ye the â€Å"vulture eye† symbolic of the narrator’s feeling that because of the eye the man is evil (â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†). Kenneth Silverman says, â€Å"... eyes in Poe’s works arouse the dread of being consumed† (207). This is similar to how the narrator felt that the old man’s eye was controlling and took over its surroundings. Poe also portrays a blindness symbolizedShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Symbolism In Edgar Allan Poe1164 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism Throughout the Works of Edgar Allen Poe The American author, Edgar Allen Poe, had a life filled with much hardship, such as, death and loss, these hardships often reflected in his poems and story’s as the topic of most of his works seemed to revolve around those subjects. Poe used extensive symbolism in his works, symbolism is usually defined as something such as an object, idea, place, or person, used for or regarded as representing something else. The most common symbolism regarding toRead MoreComparison and Contrast: A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe929 Words   |  4 Pages The short story, as with other literary forms, is not defined by its actual parameters. Subject and theme may be as varied as those within full-length novels, just as the authors individual style plays an inevitable role in shaping the work. That said, there is a common element uniting short stories; they usually create impact due to the brevity itself, which authors typically rely on to make a more direct impression. Condensed, the form offers more overt power, and this is evident in howRead MoreEssay about Edgar Allen Poe: The Raven1151 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe: The Raven Creating the Melancholic Tone in â€Å"The Raven† Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, representing Poe’s own introverted crisis of hell, is unusually moving and attractive to the reader. In his essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition, Poe reveals his purpose in writing â€Å"The Raven† and also describes the work of composing the poem as being carefully calculated in all aspects. Of all melancholy topics, Poe wished to use the one that was universally understood, death; specificallyRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Masque Of The Red Death1225 Words   |  5 Pagesobvious string of religion connecting most works to the core of their beginnings. From creation stories of tribes, to colonial poems, to the twisted mind of Edgar Allan Poe, there is a connection. Poe’s â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† may not seem to portray the ideas of religion but through close examination, the association will become less cloudy. Poe’s use of symbolism, na rrator, word choice, helps readers unmask the idea of religion. Poe’s use of symbolism is very evident throughout the story ofRead More An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis  of  Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee In life, as in death, Edgar Allan Poe evoked a feeling of sympathy from his readership.   Those who knew him well considered him deep, mysterious and contemplative; thus, coupled with the copious tragedies he suffered throughout his life, especially the loss of his first wife Virginia, it is easy to understand how the author brings out the theme of Annabel Lee through personal/setting imagery, repetition of words and rhythm/rhyme.   AnnabelRead MoreSymbolism In The Masque Of The Red Death766 Words   |  4 PagesIn Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† he uses literary elements such as allusion, symbolism, and allegory to convey that death is inevitable. In the short story, Poe uses the literary element of allusion. Poe alludes to 1 Thessalonians 5:2 from the bible when he compares the characterization of the Red Death as â€Å"coming like a thief in the night.† This illustrates how the plague is devious and comes without warning. Poe also alludes to Shakespeares work â€Å"The Tempest.† Read MoreThe Melancholic Tone of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allan Poes The Raven, is representing Poes own introvertedness, which is strangely moving and attractive to the reader. In his essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition, Poe reveals his intent in writing The Raven and also describes the work of writing the poem as being carefully calculated in all aspects. Of all melancholy topics, Poe wished to use the most understood, death, specifically death involving a beautiful woman. The tone in Edgar Allan Poes The Raven representsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1575 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by his somewhat tragic life and one of the most influential Gothic writers, uses symbolism and irony to show the multitude of complicated motives of the narrator in his famous horror story. Upon examining Edgar Allan Poe’s life, one is not surprised that he chooses to write such gloomy and sinister stories. Poe’s life is far from happy and nurturing. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Poe’s father deserts him at a very young age. Shortly afterwards, his mother dies and he becomesRead MoreIsolation In The Fall Of The House Of Usher1211 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the public, the man’s life was as ominous as his fiction. This essay will discuss the reason behind the writing of one of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories. In The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe, we catch an understanding of his hapless backstory and lonely childhood through his use of symbolism, mood, and characterization. Poe uses symbolism to represent segments of his lonesome life. The first symbol is the isolation within the characters. The narrator, Rodrick Usher, and MadelineRead MoreThe Presence of Symbolism Throughout The Black Cat and â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe718 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allen Poe’s career his stories and works of art have all carried their own distinctive independence, but one of the very few things that most stories by Poe had in common was the literary element of symbolism. Symbolism is the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character. In Poe’s works such as â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† Edgar illustrates the mental state of his characters through the use of symbolism. In the story

Essay on The Science of the Sexes - 858 Words

Schopenhauer, the German pessimist philosopher, wrote in 1851 that only a man overcome by his sexual impulses could have given the name of the fair sex to that undersized, narrow-shouldered, broad-hipped and short-legged race. Despite the many differences between the sexes, from average weight and height to body fat, there has been an assumption that these are only skin deep and that intellect is essentially the same. The recent publications of the latest in a growing body of research demonstrate that our brains are different too and fuel the fear that science may provide an antidote to demands for womens emancipation: if male dominance is all the natures fault, then patriarchy is inevitable. Feminist can, however, breathe a†¦show more content†¦Residing on the male Y chromosome, the gene switches on a cascade of genes that make testicles. These in turn bathe the body in testosterone. Many of the differences in male and female rodent behaviour are testosterone - derived, said Prof Goodfellow. If you give a female rat a short burst of testosterone shortly after birth you end up with a female that demonstrates male behaviour. But there is a lot of argument about whether a similar thing occurs in humans. Five years ago, Anne Moir and David Jessel claimed in the book BrainSex that to believe the sexes are the same is to build a society based on a biological and scientific lie. There are indeed many documented differences between the sexes in humans, rats and guinea pigs. However, the best known are in deep regions that control sexual behaviour, a find that is hardly surprising. It was only last year that scientists announced they had found differences in the thin rind on the surface of the brain responsible for higher intellectual abilities. Sandra Witelson, of McMaster University, told the US Society of Neuroscience that women had 11 percent more brain cells in the regions near the temples, one crucial for understanding language in the left hemisphere, and for recognizing melodies and tonal qualities in speech in the right. This apparently dovetails with the claim of Moir and Jessel that, as a result of different levels of exposure to sex hormone at birth, brains work along different linesShow MoreRelatedThe Egg And The Sperm1202 Words   |  5 Pagesboth films and texts demonstrate that culture is not influenced by science, but science in influenced by culture. In previous years when sex cells were being explored and explained, men were seen as the dominant gender. Men were known to be the powerful, God created figures who were in charge - at work and at home - while women were hidden in the background. The culture of a powerful man and dormant woman is reflected in science, specifically around the egg and sperm cells. However, culture continuallyRead MoreEssay on Anne Fausto-Sterlings The Five Sexes1151 Words   |  5 PagesExploring the Social Standards of Sex and Gender There are several sources that tell a person how to be a man or woman. Science tells us by recognizing the X or Y chromosomes. The media shows us through the physically ideal celebrities that grace the covers of magazines and flaunt their bodies in commercials. Sports, wrestling, cars, and blue for the boys. Dresses, make-up, painted nails, and pink for the girls. All of these sources, as well as others, have evolved into an expectation thatRead MorePreference for Co-Ed Schools in Korea1545 Words   |  6 Pageslittle male Korean middle-school graduates desire to go to single-sex elevated schools to retain elevated GPAs for admission to universities because of the usually higher intellectual attainment of girls. Though, area is a locale of contest for both sexes. In the reality of Korea, most universities are co-ed schools, just as in America. One high-school elder girl said, If I dont discover to contest [with guys] nowadays, after am I going to learn? (McCollum 19). This way that, at the least, elevatedRead MoreEssay about Infidelity and the Science of Cheating by Sharon Begley895 Words   |  4 PagesInfidelity and the Science of Cheating by Sharon Begley Through research psychologists and other researchers have claimed that sexual infidelity effects both men and women differently. In addition, their beliefs on sexual infidelity differ. There have been many theories about the occurrence of infidelity, and most researchers have different opinions about these theories. Researchers from the article Infidelity and the Science of Cheating, written by Sharon Begley, have asked the followingRead MoreEssay on Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes728 Words   |  3 PagesKaren Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes In Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes, she attempts to explain the problems in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must first understand that problems stem from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to peoples intensity of emotions. Early in Horneys essay, she defines passion and discusses why it is rare. People do not feel safe putting all of their faithRead MoreReflections On Gender And Science By Evelyn Fox Keller1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn Reflections on Gender and Science by Evelyn Fox Keller, Keller writes about the presence of masculinity, rather than femininity, in science. Keller begins makes it clear that, although there are significantly more men than women in the field, the issue at hand is not the lack of women working in science, but the â€Å"attribution of masculinity to science as an intellectual domain† (76). This means the language, tone, and overall dominance. Keller states that this stems from the myth that masculinityRead MoreEssay on Women on the Bottom and Men on Top967 Words   |  4 Pages and puts reality on a collision course with the politically correct cause of equality. It seems that the difference between men and women has come down to science, and we need that to tell us what those distinctions are. Steven Pinker uses career choices to illustrate the certainty of innate gender differences. In his article, â€Å"The Science of Differences,† he points out that, â€Å"anyone who has fled a cluster of men at a party debating the fine points of flat-screen televisions can appreciate thatRead MoreSociological And Common Sense Understanding1341 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Throughout this essay, I will explain the distinction between sociological and common sense understanding, highlight the differences between sociology and other social sciences, and evaluate two sociological perspectives – Marxism and feminism. Sociology is the scientific study of human society. It examines the development of social structures, and the interaction between these structures and human behaviour. Sociologists aim to provide tools of understanding the processRead MoreAn Analysis of Egalias Daughters1707 Words   |  7 PagesIn the satire of the sexes, Egalia’s Daughters by Gerd Brantenberg, there is put forth a society different from which has ever been present in modern times. This would be a society where women were at the forefront and did the decision making, worked and held governmental positions. The men were portrayed in the way females live in present society, though it was often exaggerated to make that point. Men were dominated and ruled by women and had to do their bidding and cook for them and take careRead MoreSimilarities Between Men And Women1088 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as gyming or throwing a ball; are constantly being compared between sexes thus pitting them against each other. Behavi oral differences across sexes are exaggerated and carried across gendered cultures. Children grow to unknowingly role-play societies version of ‘boy’ and ‘girl’. We believe that children aren’t born sexist; it isn’t innate so therefore it is learned or taught mainly by society. Differences across both sexes are not defined at birth, it is a result of societies expectations. It

Social Profiling Free Essays

Guadagni 1 Steven Guadagni English 100 September 16, 2012 Social Profiles Effects on Employment Time and time again, people are denied or terminated from jobs based on inappropriate material found on their social media profiles. In current years, the issue of hiring/firing based on information found on social media devices such as MySpace, Twitter, or Facebook has been a hot topic. Many people believe that these factors should be overlooked when it comes to employment based on the idea that it makes the employee prejudiced and a violator of personal boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Profiling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although it may appear to be an act of discrimination, business owners should reserve the right to take any public information into consideration and employ people who they deem suitable to profit their business. Many people believe that boundaries should be drawn when it comes to hiring people based on what is displayed in their social profiles. In Agha â€Å"Bes† Zain’s article â€Å"Should Employers and Interviewers Check Your Myspace, Facebook, Twitter and other Social Profiles? he argues that it’s easy for an employer or interviewer to not hire or fire someone based on something they saw on their social profiles. Zain says, â€Å"Employers can use social profiles to make biased, prejudiced decisions that are unfair and Guadagni 2 discriminatory. † He expands on his view, stating that what you do on your own time is your business and that some employers will hire or fire someone for their religious/political views or even their ethnicity. Even though it may not be legal, Zain’s statement that not hiring someone for their religious/political views or their ethnicity is bad because it can negatively affect business; I disagree with Zain that as an employee what you do on your own time is your own business and it shouldn’t affect your employer’s decision to hire or fire a person. Not hiring or firing someone for their religious/political views or their ethnicity which is disclosed on a social profile is comprehendible in certain situations. Unfortunately, in the world we live in, one’s argument hat people do have the right to hire who they want is understandable; if a prospective or current employee’s views conflict with their business relationship the owner has every right to not want to work with them. Another issue that arises in the argument is whether or not a person’s profile page should be screened in the hiring process. In Zain’s opinion, a person’s social n etworking shouldn’t affect an employee or a job candidate. Zain states that â€Å"Employers should only care about something that affects the workplace or the job at hand. The argument is understandable that what you do on your own time is your own business, but why would an employer hire someone who has a picture on Facebook of themselves smoking weed and partying? For example, if an employer had two people competing for a job and they Guadagni 3 were both equally qualified, but the employer checked on Facebook and sees that one of the potential employees is smoking weed in a picture and the other potential employee doesn’t have anything on his Facebook, it is obvious that he would hire the one who was not smoking weed. Clearly an employer is going to want someone who does not participate in those kind of activities because they could potentially affect the workplace or the job at hand. Being able to check a little more background on potential employees should be acceptable for employers because it allows them to see which candidates are truly responsible and upstanding citizens. Everyone knows that employers will look at social profiles so one should be professional in their profile if they want to be taken seriously. For example, if a person is working for a big company and badmouths a product or employer on a blog or social media page then of course they are going to get fired. Specifically, if an employee working for a big baseball bat company like Louisville Slugger compromised the selling capacity of their new bat by publically posting that it is not effective, then they should be held accountable for their actions. Their statement could potentially affect the sale of the product and cost the company a lot of money so it is obvious that the employee should be fired. Employers should reserve the right to protect their company from people employees that feel it is acceptable to publically trash their product. I think employers and interviewers should be able to look at your social profiles. If you think something could potentially affect your business life then it should not be Guadagni 4 posted online. In some cases, a person’s religion, political views or ethnicity could affect business so it would make sense to not hire specific people in those cases. Employers and interviewers have every right to decide if they want to hire or fire a person based on what they saw on a social profile. Guadagni 5 Works Cited Zain, Agha â€Å"Bes†. â€Å"Should Employers and Interviewers Check Your MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, And Other Social Profiles? † August 25, 2009. http://thereasoner. com/articles/should-employers-employers-check-myspace-facebook-social-profiles How to cite Social Profiling, Papers

The Evolution of Comparative Advantage-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.As a producer, why is it important to consider the Price Elasticity of Demand of your Product when setting the price you are going to charge? 2.Explain the difference between Comparative advantage an Absolute advantage. Answer: Introduction This objective of this paper is to analyze the significance of price elasticity of demand for producer in setting the product price level. Producers evaluate product price elasticity in order to attain higher revenue and profit. It also helps the firms to improve their financial performance and expand their business. This study also highlights on the comparison between comparative and absolute advantage. In addition, critical evaluation on the opportunities of specialization and exchange is also discussed in this study. 1.Importance of price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand refers to the sensitivity of the demand for quantity of goods with respect to its price change. Firms appraise price elasticity of demand for goods for predicting the impact on goods sale pricing. Elasticity of demand depends on various factors that include nature of products, consumers income level, closeness of substitutes product, price level. Price elasticity of demand is mainly of three types- elastic, unit elastic and inelastic. Demand for goods are said to be perfectly inelastic if the price elasticity of demand becomes equal to zero. Goods are unit elastic if the elasticity of demand becomes equal to one (Rios et al., 2013). On the other hand, products are meant to be perfectly elastic if the demand elasticity becomes more than one. Price elasticity of demand is significant for every producer as it confers an idea about the buyers consumption of goods due to change in price. In addition, it also assists the firms in taking decisions on the products optimum price and attains higher revenue. If the demand for certain product is price- elastic, then the producer strategizes to reduce the product price in order to attain higher revenue.Likewise, if the demand for the commodity is price inelastic then the producer wants to raise its price for achieving higher revenue and profit. Price elastic product reflects horizontal demand and supply curve, whereas price-inelastic product represents vertical demand and supply curve. If the demand for the commodity is perfectly inelastic and its supply increases or decreases, then price lowers or rises accordingly with quantity remaining unchanged. In case of elastic demand curve, increase or decrease in supply results to decrease or increase in quantity with price remaining constant. The diagram below explains the fact: Figure 1: Change in price due to inelastic demand and supply change Source: (Created by author) Figure 2: Change in quantity due to elastic demand and supply change Source: (Created by author) 2.Difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage Some differences between comparative and absolute advantage are: Absolute advantage explains the specific countrys ability to produce products at low cost for each unit while comparative advantage refers to the countrys ability to produce commodity at low opportunity cost (Levchenko and Zhang, 2016). Trading between two countries does not benefit mutually in case of absolute advantage whereas in case of comparative advantage, trading mutually benefits both the countries. Absolute advantage considers advantage in producing abundant goods while comparative advantage considers nation overall production during a particular period. A nation can get opportunities and benefit from specialization and exchange rate. Specialization defines as the countrys tendency to specialize in some goods for which trading is done for other products (Feenstra, 2015). Specialization benefits the country in having higher economic efficiency and growth opportunities for other sectors. Exchange rate enhances international trade and effects on trade surplus. However, weak domestic currency motivates export and creates imports highly expensive. On the contrary, a nation with strong currency impedes exports and creates cheap imports. Specialization negatively influences the economy by hindering trading activities (Schumacher, 2012). Risk of unemployment increases if the country is reliant on particular industry and their prices reduces. On the other hand, exchange rate creates deflation and policy conflicts in economies. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above study that demand elasticitys differ among various goods. In case of substitute and luxury product, demand is perfectly elastic but demand becomes inelastic in case of necessity good. In case of inelastic demand curve, change in price and supply does not affect quantities. However, in case of elastic demand curve, change in quantity does not affect the product price. In addition, both comparative and absolute advantage reflects how a nation benefits and creates opportunities from trade if the economy has low production cost in a particular product. However, specialization and exchange rate also affects the economy both in positive and negative way. References Feenstra, R. C. (2015).Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press. Levchenko, A.A. and Zhang, J., 2016. The evolution of comparative advantage: Measurement and welfare implications.Journal of Monetary Economics,78, pp.96-111. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013).Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Schumacher, R. (2012). Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage and the use of doxography in the history of economics.Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics,5(2), 54-80.

A Route of Evanescence essays

A Route of Evanescence essays Emily Dickinsons A Route of Evanescence is a condensed poem that describes a hummingbird and its quick presence. Hummingbirds are mystical creatures that are graceful, yet sometimes misunderstood. Their bodies consist of lavish colors that appear as if painted on. The movements of the hummingbirds wings send the observer into a trance. When released from this trance, the hummingbird is usually no longer in sight. The compact poem offers a brief description of a hummingbird, but it holds a strong and powerful message in form and structure. The reader can break the eight-lined poem down into two stanzas consisting of four lines. The two stanzas will therefore help the reader to understand the depth and meaning of the poem. Each stanza is different in form and meaning and as a result, the contrast creates a sense of time and movement for the reader. The first stanza starts out with the first sight of the hummingbird. The speaker in the poem uses exotic words such as Evanescence (1), Resonance (2), and Cochineal (3) to grab the readers attention and illustrate how exotic the hummingbird actually is. A repetition of the beginning consonant R occurs in the first four lines. The word revolving (2) describes the flapping motion of the birds wings and compares the repetition of the R to the wing movement. In addition, the sound of the R words such as Resonance (3) and Rush (4), cause the reader to hear or imagine the quick movement in the hummingbirds wings. Dashes at the end of lines 2, 3, and 4, hint at the rapid movement and make the reader dart on to the next line in the poem. No distinct rhyme is found between lines 1 and 3, but Wheel (2) and Cochineal (4) are a perfect rhyme. This occurrence is seen as a loop: a nonrhyming ending the...

Organizational Change and Development Mr. Carlos Ghosn

Organizational Change and Development Mr. Carlos Ghosn Carlos Ghosn is a businessperson who presently acts as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Paris-founded Renault. Additionally, Carlos acts in the same capacity at the Japan-founded Nissan (Millikin Fu 2005). These companies jointly generate more than 10 per cent of cars sold internationally.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Change and Development: Mr. Carlos Ghosn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carlos is as well the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Renault-Nissan coalition, the tactical affiliation administering both companies via distinctive cross-shareholding accord. For coordinating one of the most violent downscaling movements and leading the turnabout of Nissan Company at the verge of bankruptcy, Carlos attained his celebrity standing. Currently, Carlos ranks amongst the 50 most renowned individuals in international business and politics. In 1996, Carlos was empl oyed as the administrative vice president accountable for sophisticated research, purchasing, car improvement and engineering, and management of Renault Company (Yoshino Fagan 2003). Renault acquired around 37% stake of the Nissan Corporation in 1999. While continuing with his capacity at Renault, Carlos was hired as the CEO of the Nissan Company in mid 2001. Carlos met a debt of 20 billion dollars that the Nissan Company had not cleared. Additionally, just three of the forty-eight models of the Nissan Company were making a profit and undoing the falling fate of the company was deemed unattainable. Carlos promised his resignation if the company failed to attain a profitability status by the close of that year. He also affirmed that Nissan could have cleared all it debts by 2005. He disregarded business etiquette in Japan and went ahead to cut off 14 per cent of the entire workforce, closed up five plants, and sold off assets like the aerospace entity of the company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Owing to his radical schemes, the net profit of Nissan rose to around 3 billion dollars in one year from a loss of 6 billion dollars in the previous year. Within twelve months of his 3-year turnabout scheme, Carlos managed to take Nissan back on the right course. By the end of the 3-year period, Nissan was among the moneymaking companies in the automotive industry. Moreover, the operating profit margin (prior to taxes and interests) of Nissan rose from 1.4% in 2000 to 9.2% in 2006. Carlos initiated major structural modifications at Nissan, considerably adjusting the culture of the company (Pisapia 2011). He stopped dependence of Nissan on an intertwined web of suppliers (keiretsu), modified the official language of the company from Japanese to English, and encompassed officials from Europe and the US in major international policy for the f irst time. In early 2005, Carlos was promoted by the Renault Company to be its CEO. With his assumption of the responsibility of CEO in both Nissan and Renault, he became the first individual to head more than one company simultaneously to the extent of their being among the Fortune 500 companies. He has maintained his dedication of establishing over a million trucks and cars every year in Japan. He has fully rebuilt every one of the earlier damaged plants making all plants attain full production. These efforts have placed Nissan past its rivals like Toyota in some markets. While heading the Renault Company, Carlos has ensured that it remained top on the sales charts by overpowering its rivals like Peugeot and to ensure that Renault evades losing in poor performance period of 2008, Carlos cut off 4800 workforce.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Change and Development: Mr. Carlos Ghosn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, dedication by Carlos improved both Renault and Nissan companies by making organizational change and development. The tactical partnership involving Nissan and Renault is not a unification or acquirement. Both companies are connected through cross-shareholdings accords (Segrestin 2005). This alliance has continued to widen its scope noticeably by establishing further partnerships. Reference List Millikin, J Fu, D 2005, ‘The global leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan’,  Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 47 no. 1, pp. 121-137. Pisapia, J 2011, ‘Finding the Future and Making It Happen’, Towards the Next Orbit:  Corporate Odyssey, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 55-7. Segrestin, B 2005, ‘Partnering to explore: The Renault–Nissan Alliance as a forerunner of new cooperative patterns’, Research Policy, vol. 34 no. 5, pp. 657-672. Yoshino, M Fagan, P 2003, ‘The Renault-Nissan Alliance’, Harvard Business  School, pp. 303-023.

Zuckerberg Global Health Kick Starter Fund Coursework

Zuckerberg Global Health Kick Starter Fund - Coursework Example Zuckerberg global health plan will thus be in a position to support such families by providing funds that will help the families and the affected children to acquire basic needs in addition to constructing of good shelter (Garrett, 2007).   Zuckerberg emergencies plan can also be of great assistance to families affected by disasters, for example, the missing Malaysian Airline which has attracted the world attention. Based on the home fires and bushfires experienced in the US, Zuckerberg plan will be of great assistance to US residents to deal with the fires that have caused a significant impact on the US GDP. By partnering with an organization such as CARE, PIH, and US-based NGOs; Zuckerberg plan will be in a better position to provide emergency preparedness and prevention (Buchanan, 2000). This should be done by employing technological approaches during the training of the communities as well as the provision of incentives to an individual or corporate donors.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Technology - Essay Example gely contingent on age, by and large, every person grounds his personal preference, principles, and decisions on what he or she ascertained from the information obtainable in television. Just as our culture is molded by the effects of television, so as the nature of our way of thinking, is brought about by our constant observation of the so-called â€Å"great cyclopean boob tube†. Television shapes the public opinion as asserted by the agenda-setting theory of mass communication. The gen that we glean out from watching the television affects our perceptions about different issues in the community as it replaces some of our former understandings of the varied disputes and arguments encompassing our environment. Personally, I use television as my prime source of information and current events. Because of its extensive coverage and the quality of the material that you receive from them, it permanently becomes the foundation from which I direct my elucidations of any political and social arguments. On account of the numerous source of news and coverage of current events, the knowledge that I have gained from watching television sets the platform on which I link and rate the accuracy of the information that I encounter from other sources like newspaper, radio and the internet. Momentarily, the quality of radio and TV programming is satisfactory on the whole. By consolidating the different opinions, arguments, information and standpoints gleaned through watching and listening to the radio and television respectively, a more concise data is achieved. That said, there is no need to change anything not unless if there are debarring hurdles that preclude the development of media, in the forms of ra dio and television, from delivering credible and substantial news to the

Management Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management Planning - Essay Example n organization and thus it is paramount for an individual to be able to grasp the various concepts that have to do with them Doing so allows one to be able to perform their functions in an efficient manner that will guarantee progress within the company (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2012). Two of the features that have been mentioned above and affect managerial performance include interpersonal relationships and communication skills. These two features can be said to have a relationship with one another as for one develop one, they will need to be able to develop the other (Boddy, 2011). In such a case, it can be said that interpersonal relationships and communication skills are involved in a harmonious existence with one another in the business world. There are a number of ways that these two features can affect the level of performance capable of a manager, but in order to determine what they are, one first needs to understand what these they are (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2012). Interpersonal relationships can refer to an association between two or more people formed as a result of regular interaction between the involved parties with one another (Gable & Reis, 2010). There are different underlying reasons behind the development of this interaction such as lo ve, inference or business/work obligations that require one to spend time with another. This type of relationships can be said to be formed within the contexts and guidelines of society and thus can be governed by the law, mutual agreement or cultural aspects. Interpersonal relationships can be seen as the backbone of society as a whole. Communication skills have to do with the level of ones ability to successfully communicate with another person (Maniaci & Reis, 2010). Communication itself can be explained as the process whereby a message is successfully transferred from one person (the sender) to another (the receiver). Without communication, one would not be able to understand others and thus

Implementation and simulation of basic structure of the radio over fiber link

Implementation and simulation of basic structure of the radio over fiber link CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Wireless communication has gone through enormous growth in the past ten years. Less than a percent of world population had access to cellular technology before early nineties, and by the start of this millennium approximately every one in a five people has a mobile phone. In the same period different countries across the globe have increase the mobile network technology over ninety percent and future forecast says that by the end of 2010 there will be more than 1700 million mobiles users across the world. [1][2] Apart from cellular technology WLANs has also seen phenomenal growth during the past ten years. These WLAN hotspots can be used in public places such as airports, cafes, hotels and restaurant etc. YEAR WLAN Frequency Modulation Bit-Rate (MAX) 1997 IEEE 802.11 2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping and Direct Spread Spectrum 2 Mbps 1998 ETSI Home RF 2.4 GHz Wideband Frequency Hopping 1.6 Mbps 1999 IEEE 802.11b 2.4 GHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 11 Mbps 1999 IEEE 802.11a 5 GHz OFDM 54 Mbps 2000 ETSI HiperLAN2 5 GHz OFDM Connection-Oriented 54 Mbps 2003 IEEE 802.11g 2.4 GHz OFDM compatible with 802.11a 54 Mbps Table 1.1 Evolutions of WLAN Standards [3] The rapid growth in wireless communication achieved more fame due the ease of installation as compared to the fixed network. The first generation (1G) mobile system were analogue, discovered in 1980s. The second generation (2G) known as global system for mobile communication (GSM) came on the scene in 1990s, which has been very successful and has achieved extreme success across the globe. GSM is currently the major mobile communication system which is used worldwide. [1] The graph above shows the relationship between coverage and capacity of communication systems. By looking at the graph the cell size of WPAN is of few meters but there transmission rate may go upto 10 Mbps. While considering 2G and 3G systems, there cell sizes may vary upto several kilometres but that are limited to less than 2Mbps. WiMAX technology can provide high bit rate mobile services using frequency span between 2 11 GHz. [6] FREQUENCY WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2 GHz UMTS/ 3G Systems 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 b/g WLAN 5 GHz IEEE 802.11 a WLAN 2-11 GHz IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 17/19 GHz Indoor Wireless (radio) LANs 28 GHz Fixed Wireless Access Local point to multi point (LMD) 38 GHz Fixed Wireless Access Picocellular 58 GHz Indoor Wireless LANs 57-64 GHz IEEE 802.15 WPAN 10-66 GHz IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Table 1.2 Frequencies for Wireless Communication Systems [2]-[5] 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF WIRELESS NETWORK Wireless networks can be categorized into different groups depending on the area they are applied to. As a result high numbers of standards have been making to public for the development of new techniques in order to increase the spectrum efficiency and perfect utilization of spectrum, which is scarce natural resource. Wireless networks can be divided into three classes; 1.2.1 Wireless Private Area Network (WPAN) Devices of such networks can communicate in the range of tens of metres. Infrared (IR) and Bluetooth are the two implementation of this principle. 1.2.2 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) It is computer network that connects devices which are distributed over a local area (e.g office, house, mall, and airport). IEEE 802.11 which is commonly known as Wi-Fi, is an example of WLAN. 1.2.3 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Such a network covers a geographic area such as city or village. IEEE 802.16 which is commonly known as WiMAX, is an example of WMAN. Depending upon the application, there are licensed and unlicensed frequency bands in which wireless systems can operate. 1.3 WIRELESS APPLICATIONS Now we will discuss wireless standards along with the overview of their applications: 1.3.1 Bluetooth WPAN Bluetooth is a radio standard, which operates in the unlicensed Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band at 2.4 2.485 GHz. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is used in order to minimize interference and fading. In order to make the transceiver architecture as simple as possible, binary modulation is used. The bit rate is up to 3 Mb/s. The benefits of Bluetooth include low power consumption and low cost, therefore they are used in devices such as laptops, mobile phones and PDAs. [7] Power Class Maximum Output Power Minimum Output Power 1 100mW(20dBm) 1mW(0dBm) 2 2.5mW(4dBm) 0.25mW(-6dBm) 3 1mW(0dBm) Table 1.3 Bluetooth classes and power levels [7] 1.3.2 Wi Fi WLAN The Wi-Fi alliance, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the European telecommunications standard Institute (ETSI) are the three organizations which influenced the standardization of WLAN. The IEEE WLAN standard is referred as 802.11. At the moment, the most used techniques are defined by the IEEE 802.11a, b and g standards. [8] Standard Release date Operating frequency Maximum Data Rate 802.11a 1999 5.15 5.35 GHz 5.725 5.825 GHz 54 Mbps 802.11b 1999 2.4 2.5 GHz 11 Mbps 802.11g 2003 2.4 2.5 GHz 54 Mbps Table 1.4 IEEE 802.11a, b and g standards [8] 1.3.3 WiMAX WMAN WiMAX is an abbreviation for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. The WiMAX Forum is a non profit association. The aim and objective of the WiMAX technology is to provide fixed, portable or mobile connectivity to the users even if they located up to 6 miles away from base station and it is not necessary to be in line of sight. WiMAX can operate on any frequency below 66 GHz, as operating frequency may change for different countries depending on local regulation. It is possible replacement for mobile/cellular technologies such as GSM and CDMA. It has been considered to be the wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G and 4G networks. The limitations associated with WiMAX is that it can either provide high data rates or it can transmit data over longer distances but not both simultaneously. [9] 1.3.4 Distributed Antenna Systems and Radio Over Fiber Distributed Antennas Systems (DAS) are used for several applications in the mobiles and wireless communications. It can be installing over indoor and outdoor sites. DAS can be implemented on those areas where there is lack of signals such as tunnels, underground stations etc. in order to extend the coverage of mobile network. Radio over fibre consists of remote unit and central unit. Remote unit is kept very simple since it only consists of devices for reception of radio frequency signals and optoelectronic conversion. All expensive and complex equipments are located at central unit and functions such as modulation and up/down conversion etc. are done. This resulted in increase in efficiency and maintenance cost because as compared to central units, remote units are numerically high in numbers and often remote units are located in sites that are not easy to get in touch with. [10] 1.4 FLOW CHART OF THE DISSERTATION 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the dissertation is to implement and simulate the basic structure of the radio over fiber link using OFDM transceiver with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The MATLAB version 7.8.0 (R2009a) is used for model implementation. Basically two models are designed: model number 1 consists of OFDM transceiver linked with a gain which represents the length of the fiber channel. Actually it is based on the theoretical fact that fiber has 0.2db loss per kilometre. For example 25km length fiber will be represented as 5 dB(-ve sign to show loss). Later on simulations are carried out by varying the length of fiber and results are deduced. Model 2 consist of OFDM transceiver as well but linked with laser diode model, fiber channel model and photodiode model as these are the fundamental components of RoF link. Some additional parameters of measuring the transmitted and received power and bit error rate calculation are also introduced to enhance the diversity of the project. 1.6 DISSERTATION OUTLINE The dissertation consists of six chapters: Chapter 1 is the introduction chapter in which wireless communication systems and wireless applications have been discussed briefly. Chapter 2 consist of the theory of radio over fiber which includes the need of RoF system, what RoF technology is, advantages and disadvantages of RoF system and applications of RoF technology. Chapter 3 purely consist of theory related to OFDM technology. Sub topics include in this chapter are principles of OFDM, history, advantages and disadvantages and applications of OFDM. Fourier transform is also discussed in this particular chapter. Chapter 4 consist of methodology of the dissertation. It consists of the models implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the brief study of the essential blocks used in the models. Chapter 5 is the chapter of simulations and results. Chapter 6 includes the conclusion and future work regarding radio over fiber and OFDM. CHAPTER 2: RADIO OVER FIBER 2.1 INTRODUCTION Radio-over-fiber (RoF) is a communication technology for delivering broadband applications to wireless users such as satellite communications, mobile-radio communications, broadband access radio, multipoint video distribution and broadband mobile services. RoF technologies make use of optical and radio communication media for providing above mentioned broadband services. The optical part is used to transmit microwave signals between a central radio base station and a remote radio antenna and on the other hand radio part provides coverage to wireless users. In RoF system radio frequency (RF) signal is transmitted through an optical network in an easier way by directly modulating the intensity of the light source with the RF signal to be transmitted and on the receiving end direct detection of the signal at photo detector. The modulating of the laser-diode light intensity with electrical signals at multiple frequencies causes a number of problems such as relative intensity, noise chirp and inter modulation distortion. The main sources of non-linearity in a system are the laser-diode light source, the optical fiber and the photo detector. [27] 2.2 NEED FOR RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEMS For the future prerequisite multimedia services and broadband over wireless media, some distinctive characteristics are needed such as cell size reduction in order to accommodate more users and to operate in the millimetre wave (mm-wave) frequency bands to overcome spectral clogging. Such a system would demands a large number of base stations to cover large geographical coverage area and base station should be cost effective as well, then only such a system would be successful in market. In such a competitive market, this necessity has led to the evolution of system architecture where microwave functions such as signal processing, signal routing, handover, modulation, protocols setting and frequency allocation etc. are performed at central control station (CS) rather than at remote station or base station (BS). This type of centralized arrangement allows complex, sensitive and expensive equipments to be positioned in safer environment and shared among several BSs or RSs (Remote Stati ons). Now the question arises how to link the central station (CS) with BS. In such type of radio network, the use of optical fiber is the most suitable choice for the linking of CS with BSs, as fiber is cheaper in cost, has low loss, immune to Electromagnetic Inter Modulation (EMI) and provides wider bandwidth. By keeping the BSs as simple as possible and by sharing the resources provided by CS among several BSs, can effectively minimizes the cost of entire network and thus maintenance cost. Modulation of RF sub carriers onto an optical carrier over an fiber is known as Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. Typically RoF network consist of central CS, where functions like switching, routing, medium access control (MAC) and frequency management takes place whereas at BSs functions like optical to electrical and vice versa are performed. [32] 2.3 RADIO OVER FIBER TECHNOLOGY Radio over fiber system consists of a Radio Base Station (RBS) and Radio Access Point (RAP) which are connected by an optical fiber link. Optical fiber link is used to distribute RF signals from a RBS to RAP. RAP only contains optoelectronic conversion devices and amplifiers. In GSM technology RBS could be referred as Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and RAP as Base Station (BS). The frequency used by the RoF systems usually lies under GHz region depending on the nature of application. Basically RoF systems were used to transmit microwave signals and to achieve mobility functions in RBS. Therefore modulated microwave signals had to be available at the input end of the system, which are then delivered to the RAP as optical signals. Signals at RAP are re-generated and radiated by antennas. Due to the advancement of technology, RoF systems are designed to perform added radio system functionalities other then transportation and mobility functions. The functions include are data modulation, signal processing and frequency conversion (up and down). The electrical signal at the input of the multifunctional RoF system may be baseband data, modulate IF or actual modulated RF signal for distribution. The modulated optical signal is carried over the optical fiber link to the remote station. At the receiving end, demodulation of the signal is carried out by the photo detector and the optical signal is converted back to electrical signal. [12] [13] 2.4 ADVANTAGES OF RADIO OVER FIBER 2.4.1 Low Attenuation It is observed that high frequency signals when transmitted in free space or through transmission lines are expensive and sometimes due to different reasons challenging as well. In free space, losses are directly proportional to frequency due to absorption and reflection. Increase in frequency also gives rise in impedance when signal is delivered through transmission line. Therefore in order to overcome these issues, expensive signal regenerating equipment is required to distribute radio signal electrically over long distances. The cheaper solution is to use optical fibers which offer lower losses. Single Mode Fiber (SMF) made from glass (silica) has attenuation losses below 0.2dB/km and 0.5dB/km in the 1.5um and 1.3um windows respectively. [11] 2.4.2 Larger Potential Bandwidth Larger bandwidth is being offered by optical fibers. Larger bandwidth provides high capacity for transmitting high frequency signals and also enables high speed signal processing which is difficult to achieve in electronics systems. Basically there are three main transmission windows, namely 850nm, 1310nm, and 1550nm wavelengths, which offer low attenuation. Anyhow optical system has to combine with electronic system in order to perform different tasks. But bandwidth mismatch of the systems create problem which is known as electronic bottleneck. The solution to this problem is the use of effective multiplexing techniques such as OFDM, DWDM and SCM. [11] 2.4.3 Easy Installation And Maintenance The plus point of RoF system is the Switching Centre (SC), which are less in numerical quantity because one SC is shared by several Remote stations (RSs), which are equipped with all the expensive and complex equipments and RSs are kept simpler which includes only photo detector, amplifier and an antenna, thus reducing system installation and maintenance cost. [11] 2.4.4 Reduced Power Consumption As discussed earlier centralized SCs are equipped with complex equipment and RSs are kept simpler with less equipments thus resulting in reduced power consumption. Thus RSs can be operated in passive mode. [11] 2.4.5 Immune To Interference And Crosstalk As we know that optical fibers form a dielectric waveguide therefore there are no concepts as electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio frequency interference (RFI), or switching transients giving electromagnetic pulses (EMP). In fact it doesnt require shielding form EMI. Hence optical signal can be transmitted through electrically noisy environment unaffectedly. The optical fiber can be used underground or overhead as it is not disposed to lightening strike. [11] 2.4.6 Signal Security In RoF system, optical signals are transmitted in the form of light, which doesnt radiate drastically, thus providing high degree of signal security. Therefore it is widely used in military, banking and general data transmission applications. [11] 2.5 DISADVANTAGES OF RADIO OVER FIBER RoF systems can be called as analog communication system. Therefore signal impairments such as noise and distortion are worth considering in RoF. These impairments tend to limit Noise Figure (NF) and Dynamic Range (DR) of the RoF links. Chromatic dispersion may limit fiber link length when considering SMFs RoF. Modal dispersion can limit the available link bandwidth and distance when considering MMFs RoF system. Relative Intensity Noise(RIN), lasers phase noise, photodiodes shot noise, amplifiers thermal noise and fibres dispersion are few examples of noise sources in analog optical fibre links.[10] 2.6 APPLICATIONS OF RADIO OVER FIBER Listed below are the few applications regarding RoF: 2.6.1 Mobile Communication Network A mobile network is a useful application of RoF technology. In the past decade the numbers of mobile subscribers coupled with the increasing demand of broadband service have been keeping massive pressure on the mobile service provider to provide vast capacity to the end user. [11] 2.6.2 Video Distribution Systems (VDS) VDS is one of the major applications of RoF systems. In this case the Multipoint Video Distribution Service (MVDS) is used for mobile terrestrial transmission. In MVDS the transmitter serves the coverage area based on tall building. Gunn oscillators and heat pipes are used for frequency stabilization while a fiber link can be used for feeding a TWT or solid state amplifiers. This system provides reduction in weight and wind loading of transmitter. [11] 2.6.3 Cellular Broadband Services Due to the very high bit rates of nearly 155 Mbps, carrier frequency is pushed into mm-waves. For this purpose frequency band in 66 GHz frequency band have been allocated. The 62-66 GHz band is used for downlink while 65-66 GHz frequency band can be used for uplink transmission. [11] 2.6.4 Vehicle Control And Communication For vehicle communication and system the frequency band between 63 64 GHz and 76-77 GHz frequency band has been allocated. They are used to provide continuous mobile communication coverage in major areas for the purpose of intelligent transport systems which includes road to vehicle communication (RVC) and inter vehicle communication (IVC). These can be made simple and cost effective by feeding them through RoF system. [11] CHAPTER 3: ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 3.1 THE PRINCIPLES OF OFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a multi carrier technique which divides the bandwidth into several carriers. Each carrier is modulated by a low rate data stream. OFDM has the ability to use the spectrum efficiently by spacing the channels close to each other. Closeness of the channels can result in the interference therefore to prevent interference all carriers are orthogonal to each other which means all carriers are independent to each other. [14] In FDMA a single channel is allocated to each user to transmit information. The bandwidth of each channel is about 10 kHz-30 kHz for voice communications. In order to prevent channels from interfering with one another, the allocated bandwidth is made wider than the minimum amount required. This extra bandwidth or spacing between channels is wasting about 50% of the total spectrum. As the channel bandwidth becomes narrower the problem becomes worst. [14] In TDMA multiple users access the same channel or utilized the full bandwidth in different time slots. Many low data rates users can be combined to transmit in a single channel thus bandwidth or spectrum can be used efficiently. There are two problems associated with TDMA. Firstly the symbol rate of each channel is high resulting in multipath delay spread. Secondly at the start time of each user to use bandwidth for data transmission, a change over time has to be allocated in order to prevent from propagation delay variations and synchronization errors. This change over time is a loss, limiting the number of users that can be accommodated efficiently in each channel. [14] OFDM is solution to both the problems occurring in FDMA and TDMA. Actually OFDM splits the available bandwidth into many narrow sub channels. As the carriers are orthogonal to each other which means they are purely independent of each other therefore they can be spaced very close to each other. Any time full utilization of bandwidth is possible in OFDM, therefore there is no need for users to be time multiplex and no more switching of the users for bandwidth. Users can send and receive data at any time unlike TDMA. [14] 3.2 OFDM HISTORY The concept of OFDM was first developed in 1950s. A US copyright was issued in January 1970. The evolution of OFDM took place in order to use the available bandwidth or spectrum more efficiently. [15][16] OFDM was first implemented in military communications just like CDMA. KINIPLEX [17] and ANDEFT [18] are two examples of OFDM application in high frequency military system. AN/GSC-10(KATHRYN) variable rate data modem was the early application of OFDM which was built for high frequency radio. In 1980s, OFDM had been studied for high speed modems, digital mobile communications and high density recording. OFDM techniques for multiplexed QAM using DFT was discover by Hirosaki [19]. He has also designed 19.2 kbps voice band data modem which uses QAM modulation. In 1990s, OFDM has been exploited for data communication over mobile radio FM channels, high bit rate digital subscribers lines(HDSL), very high speed digital subscriber lines(VHDSL), digital audio broadcasting(DAB), digital television, HDTV terrestrial broadcasting and asymmetric digital subscriber lines(ADSL).[14] OFDM has been considered more towards mobile communication due to its robustness to multipath propagation. Recently OFDM has been put into practice in audio broadcasting applications such as DAB and DVB. And it has been successfully implemented in wireless LAN applications as well. [14] 3.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM The application of OFDM was not very practical in 1960s. Quite a few numbers of oscillators were needed to generate the carrier frequencies for sub channel transmission. At that time it was a bit difficult to make it practical, that is why OFDM scheme was said to be impracticable. Complexity of the OFDM scheme was eliminated with the evolution of Fourier Transform where harmonically related frequencies are generated by Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transforms used to implement OFDM systems. Fourier Transform can be used in linear systems analysis, antenna studies, optics, random process modelling, probability theory, quantum physics and boundary-value problems. 3.4 OFDM REAL PARAMETERS In the last 10 years, the usage of OFDM has increased to enormous extent. It has been proposed for radio broadcasting such as EUREKA 147 standard and Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM). Some of the useful parameters are listed below: [20]  · Data rate: 6Mbps to 48 Mbps  · Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64 QAM  · Coding: Convolutional concatenated with Reed Solomon  · FFT size: 64 with 52 sub-carriers uses, 48 for data and 4 for pilots  · Sub carrier Frequency Spacing: 200 MHz divided by 64 carrier or 0.3125 MHz  · FFT Period / Spacing Period: 3.2usec  · Guard Duration: One quarter of symbol time, 0.8usec  · Symbol time: 4usec 3.5 ADVANTAGES OF OFDM  · Overlapping is used for efficient use of spectrum.  · OFDM systems are more often reluctant to freq selective fading by dividing the channel into narrowband sub channels.  · Cyclic prefix is used to discard ISI and IFI.  · The symbols lost due to selective fading can easily be recovered by using channel coding and interleaving.  · The use of single carrier systems makes channel equalization simpler by using adaptive equalization techniques.  · With reasonable complexity max likelihood decoding is possible.  · FFT techniques allow OFDM to be computationally efficient to the functions of modulation and demodulation.  · It can also be used for DAB systems and partial algorithms can be used for program selection.  · A channel estimator can easily be discarded with the use of differential modulation.  · As compared to single carrier systems OFDM is less sensitive to sample timing offset.  · OFDM gives extra protection concerning parasitic noise and co channel interference.  · In severe multipath orthogonality is preserved.  · OFDM is used in high speed applications and dynamic packet access is also supported.  · Transmitting and receiving diversity are supported. On the other hand OFDM also supports adaptive antenna arrays, space time coding and power allocation. 3.6 DISADVANTAGES OF OFDM  · The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio.  · It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems. 3.7 PROBLEMS WITH OFDM 3.7.1 Peak To Average Ratio PAR is an important OFDM parameter which is defined as the ratio of peak instantaneous value to average time. It can also determine parameters such as current, voltage, phase and power of the signal. Since OFDM is a summation of several carrier signals therefore results in high PAR. The RF power needs to be increased to overcome the problem of efficiency in PAR. In order to increase the radio frequency power an amplifier is needed which can increase the cost of the system as it is expensive equipment. In order to solve the problems created by PAR, different encoding schemes should be used before the modulation. Also the improvement in the amplification stage of transmitter is needed such as post processing the time domain signal to reduce the peak to mean signal ratio. [21][22] 3.7.2 Synchronization The performance of OFDM link can be optimized by using two kinds of synchronizations between transmitter and the receiver.  · Timing Synchronization: The timing offset of the symbol is not need to be determined and then the optimal timing instants.  · Frequency Synchronization: The carrier frequency of the received signal must be aligned at the receiving end. Timing sync can easily be achieved because the degree of sync error in OFDM structure is more severe. The sync techniques can be achieved by using known pilot tones that are embedded in OFDM signal or by using guard interval. [21][22] 3.7.3 Co-Channel Interference In mobile communications co channel interference can be overcome by combining techniques related to adaptive antenna systems. Receiver antenna beam can be focused by beam steering while co channel interferers are attenuated. This is useful as OFDM is sensitive to co- channel interference. [21][22] 3.8 APPLICATIONS OF OFDM  · High frequency modems used for military  · Voice band modems  · ADSL  · HDSL  · DAB  · Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T)  · Power line communication systems  · WLAN  · Cable modems  · Wavelength Division Multiplexing CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter includes the in depth study of the models built on MATLAB/SIMULINK. MATLAB version 7.8.0 (R2009a) is used for the modelling. Basically two models are designed whic

Scary Story Essay -- Short Stories Fiction Essays

Scary Story I looked up at the black sky. I hadn't intended to be out this late. The sun had set, and the empty road ahead had no streetlights. I knew I was in for a dark journey home. I had decided that by traveling through the forest would be the quickest way home. Minutes passed, yet it seemed like hours and days. The farther I traveled into the forest, the darker it seemed to get. I was very had to even take a breath due to the stifling air. The only sound familiar to me was the quickening beat of my own heart, which felt as though it was about to come through my chest. I began to whistled to take my mind off the eerie noises I was hearing. In this kind of darkness I was in, it was hard for me to believe that I could be seeing these long finger shaped shadows that stretched out to me. I had this gut feeling as though something was following me, but I assured myself that I was the only one in the forest. At least I had hoped that I was. As the bushes and brush grew more solid I began to ponder. Will I make it through this forest tonight or will I be taken in by the thick of the mystery? Sounds from sluggish foot steps caused a vibration around me that lead me to stop in my place and listen closely. Could this forest be haunted or was I just over exaggerating? I started to get very nervous by this time. â€Å"It will be just fine,† I told myself. I am just imagining things. I continued my journey through the forest but negative thoughts were running through my l... Scary Story Essay -- Short Stories Fiction Essays Scary Story I looked up at the black sky. I hadn't intended to be out this late. The sun had set, and the empty road ahead had no streetlights. I knew I was in for a dark journey home. I had decided that by traveling through the forest would be the quickest way home. Minutes passed, yet it seemed like hours and days. The farther I traveled into the forest, the darker it seemed to get. I was very had to even take a breath due to the stifling air. The only sound familiar to me was the quickening beat of my own heart, which felt as though it was about to come through my chest. I began to whistled to take my mind off the eerie noises I was hearing. In this kind of darkness I was in, it was hard for me to believe that I could be seeing these long finger shaped shadows that stretched out to me. I had this gut feeling as though something was following me, but I assured myself that I was the only one in the forest. At least I had hoped that I was. As the bushes and brush grew more solid I began to ponder. Will I make it through this forest tonight or will I be taken in by the thick of the mystery? Sounds from sluggish foot steps caused a vibration around me that lead me to stop in my place and listen closely. Could this forest be haunted or was I just over exaggerating? I started to get very nervous by this time. â€Å"It will be just fine,† I told myself. I am just imagining things. I continued my journey through the forest but negative thoughts were running through my l...

Managing Conflict Essay

Managing conflict Medicolegal issues We live in an increasingly demanding and vociferous society and incidents of conflict and aggression are sadly commonplace. Kate Taylor, Clinical Risk Manager at the Medical Protection Society offers advice on how to deal with the problem Working in general practice is busy and demanding, with increased workloads, stretched time and some patients having greater expectations of care. At times, when expectations are not met, we can find ourselves in conflict with patients – and in some situations this can turn to aggression. As nurses, how should we deal with potentially difficult situations? This article aims to increase our understanding of conflict and provide strategies to deal with it effectively. It also includes practical tips to reduce risks associated with managing conflict and aggression. DEFINITIONS Conflict means different things to different people. The Health and Safety Executive defines workplace violence as ‘any incident where staff are abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, well-being or  health’.1 Non-physical violence can be defined as the ‘use of inappropriate words or behaviour causing distress and/or constituting harassment.'[ 2] The scale of the problem There is limited documentation relating to violence against nurses working in general practice. However, a recent survey carried out by the British Medical Association, to which 20% of doctors responded, found:[ 3] * Violence is a problem in the workplace for half of doctors (same for GPs and hospital doctors). * 1 in 3 respondents had experienced some form of violence in the workplace in the last year (same for hospital doctors and GPs). * 1 in 5 doctors reported an increase in violence in the past year, but the level remained constant for the majority. * Among doctors who reported some experience of violence, most had been the victim of verbal abuse in the past year while more than half had received a threat, and a third had been physically assaulted. Most injuries were minor, but 5% were serious. In April 2011, NHS Protect was set up. It is responsible for leading on work to protect NHS staff and resources from crime in England.[ 4] According to its statistics, physical assault against NHS staff is steadily increasing. However, these statistics do not capture the incidents where staff have been subjected to non-physical violence. In general practice, members of staff are more likely to be subjected to non-physical violence. Imagine working as a practice nurse and an unhappy patient threatens you, telling you ‘I know where you live?’ We cannot underestimate the impact that such non-physical violence can have on individuals. CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS Circumstances * Members of the general practice team are particularly vulnerable as they often consult with patients alone. Doctors and practice nurses often work in small numbers. * Home visits are usually carried out alone. System and Organisational Problems * Delays, restrictions and mistakes such as lost prescriptions or delays in test results * Lack of appointments * Patient disappointment often results from unmet expectations, whether  realistic or unrealistic. Environment * Waiting room (heating, lighting, noise and seating) * Cramped consulting rooms without easy exit for health professionals * Lack of privacy * Availability of potential weapons. Patient Factors * Increased expectations and the difficulties in meeting these demands. Dissatisfaction with the care provided is perceived as the most common cause of aggression and violence * Strong patient emotions e.g. uncertainty, frustration, stress and anxiety. Anger is often secondary to emotions such as anxiety or grief * An underlying medical condition such as hypoglycaemia or psychotic illness * Physical symptoms including pain, headache or over-tiredness * Mental health problems such as * Personal problems e.g. financial, relationship, stress at work * Drugs and alcohol. Staff Factors * Under pressure staff-working in noisy cramped rooms, unable to trace or contact staff * In adequate staff numbers * Escalating the situation by confrontation, over-reacting, poor ccmmunication, inconsistencies in handling patients, patronising behaviour, ignoring a situation or falling to apologise. COMMUNICATION SKILLS Good communication with patients is likely to reduce the risk of conflict and violence. As nurses, how we communicate with our patients can have an impact on how difficult situations develop. We need to think about what we say and how we say it. We should rely on our strong communication skills to determine with our patients what they can expect from the services we provide. A study by American psychologist, Albert Mehrabian, determined that non-verbal communication represents over 50% of an interaction.[ 5] Being aware of your own body language can be the first step to understanding how it is perceived by our patients. Listening and empathising with patients are essential skills for nurses-so how do we ensure our patients know we are listening? * Give the patient your undivided attention * Don’t trivialise the patient’s issue * How is the patient feeling – are they angry, afraid, frustrated? Respond to the emotion as well as the words * Allow the patient to finish what they are saying * Ask questions, paraphrase and reflect to ensure you understand the message. CHALLENGING INTERACTIONS Challenging interactions with patients can be a significant cause of stress for nurses, yet the nature of most clinical jobs makes these encounters unavoidable. It can be difficult to communicate your point of view effectively for fear of generating conflict, which can lead to frustration and dissatisfaction, and may affect your ability to give good care. It is vital to build a trusting relationship with the patient in these circumstances; ensure you listen attentively, empathise and avoid confrontation. Maintain eye contact and try to establish a shared understanding of the patient’s problem. Having acknowledged their perspective, respectfully inform them of your position. Then work on achieving a mutually agreeable solution or way forward rather than focussing on points of disagreement, which can otherwise degenerate into an argument. Then help and support the patient to achieve the agreed solution. After challenging interactions that have required you to state your position, ensure there is effective communication with other members of the practice clinical team, along with a clear record of the discussions held. This will ensure consistency should the patient approach a different clinician seeking to re-negotiate an alternative plan or outcome. PRACTICAL TIPS Practices should consider: * Providing a side room or separate area to deal with upset/aggressive patients or those who need more privacy. * Providing good temperature and ventilation control, adequate seating and clear signage * Providing calming measures to reduce frustration, anxiety or boredom such as distractions in waiting room e.g. toys for children, magazines for adults * Adding an agreed marker to the summary of a patient’s record who has a history of violence (and ensure it is factually accurate) * Having a protocol for involving the police and removing patients from the list * Using CCTV * Ensuring all practice staff have access to panic alarms * Providing locks for all areas where patient access is restricted CONCLUSION We can and will experience conflict in general practice due to the sheer volume of patient contacts that occur every day. The key to managing a conflict situation is to try to de-escalate it as much as possible.confidentiality is central to the trust between nurses and their patients – think how easy it may be to breach confidentiality when you have a situation with an aggressive patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of conduct clearly states ‘you must respect people’s right to confidentiality’.[ 6] As a last resort you can remove a patient from the practice list. However, this can be seen as an emotive issue, risking criticism from bodies such as the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, the GMC and the media. You can find useful information on how to go about it in the MPS factsheet, Removing patients from the practice list (September 2013).[ 7] http://www.medicalprotection.org/ uk/england-factsheets/removing-patients-from-the-practice-list. CASE STUDY Nurse E is about to start her clinic when she notices Mrs S on the list of patients for the day. Her heart sinks. Mrs S often presents with one or more complaints, talks nonstop and does not listen to advice provided. She knows from experience that interactions with Mrs S will be challenging. Mrs S is called in 20 minutes later than her planned appointment and she lets Nurse E know that she is not happy. Nurse E admits that her clinic is running late but tells Mrs S that she had an unavoidable emergency. She proceeds to take Mrs S’s blood pressure and other vital signs. Mrs S then asks Nurse E for a prescription for antibiotics as she is going on holiday and wants them ‘just in case her chest flares up’ while away. Nurse E advises her that she will need to make an appointment to see the GP. Mrs S, now increasingly unhappy, begins to raise her voice and bang her fist on the desk, demanding a prescription before she leaves. Nurse E, staying calm, advises Mrs S that she is unable to give her a prescription as she doesn’t have any active symptoms. Mrs S storms out of the consultation room pushing past Nurse E. Understandably upset, Nurse E calls the practice manager to report the incident. How could this situation have been dealt with better? * Apologise when mistakes occur or when clinics are running late. Some practices ask reception staff to inform patients when they are checking in if clinicians are behind schedule * Ensure patients are well informed about how systems at the practice work to try to reduce unrealistic expectations * Acknowledge the patient’s emotions and allow them to express them, which can take time. Ask the patient to tell you about their concerns. Listen actively using comments such as ‘I see’, or ‘go on?’, and nodding your head. Summarise their experiences, feelings and concerns back to them * Work with the patient to resolve the situation. Agree a plan for dealing with their concerns and moving forward. * Try to offer an alternative solution to demonstrate that you are keen to help them. For example, ‘I’m sorry Mrs S, but I am unable to give you a prescription. However, if you wish to make an appointment with one of the GPs you can discuss this with them’ * Consider the layout of the consulting rooms and reception area to ensure you can leave the room if the situation escalates. Aggression in healthcare settings is becoming all too common REFERENCES 1. Health and Safety Executive: work related violence www.hsegov.uk/violence 2. NHS Business Services(2012) Not part of my job http://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/Documents/ SecurityManagement/NP0J1 .pdf 3. British Medical Association (2008). Violence in the workplace. The experience of doctors in the UK. http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/ PDFviolence08/$FILE/Violence.pdf 4. NHS Protect 2013 http://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/Protect.aspx 5. Mehrabian, A(1971) Silent messages Belmont, CA:Wadsworth 6. NMC(2011)The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/ nmc TheCodeStandardsofConduct PerformanceAndEthicsForNursesAndMidwives%5FLargePrintVersion.PDF 7. MPS Factsheet removing patients from practices list September 2013 http://www.medicalprotection.org/uk/england-factsheets/removing-patients-from-the-practice-list ~~~~~~~~

Affirmative Action Essays (1784 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action Essays (1784 words) - Social Inequality Affirmative Action Jean Miller #43252 American Heritage 100 7:00 am - 7:50 am M, W, F Brother J. Baker Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a growing argument among our society. It is multifaceted and very often defined vaguely. Some can define affirmative action as the ability to strive for equality and inclusiveness. Others might see it as a quota-based system for different minority groups. ?Affirmative action was originally designed to help minorities? (Gross, 1996). Is affirmative action fair? Are minority groups on equal footing? Is gaining employment for minorities difficult? Is education easily obtained for the minority groups of people? Affirmative action endeavors to answer all these questions, while allowing society to believe harmony exists. ?Affirmative action was originally designed to help minorities, but women, especially white women, have made the greatest gains as a result of these programs? (Boston, 1996). Is affirmative action fair? In 1974, a woman named Rose was turned down for a supervisory job in favor of a male. She was told that she was the most qualified person, but the position was going to be filled by a man, because he had a family to support. Five years before that, when Rose was about to fill an entry-level position in banking, a personnel officer outlined the woman?s pay scale, which was $25 to $50 a month less than what men were being paid in the same position. Rose was furious because she felt this was discriminating to her. She confronted the personnel officer and he saw nothing wrong with it. In 1977, a woman working for a company as a clerk was informed that she should be at home raising a family. She allowed the comments to persist until she was given two weeks notice that her position was no longer available. Upon leaving the position she learned the company had given the clerk position to a man because he had a family to support. Thanks to affirmative action, situations like the ones mentioned are becoming less frequent and employers are correcting these situations quickly and efficiently. Affirmative action has definitely helped women and minorities in their careers, but it has yet to succeed in the goal of equality in the business world for women and minorities. As more and more women are faced with discrimination in large firms, more have decided to strike out on their own. ?Observers argue that women have made huge strides with the help of affirmative action. They now hold 40 percent of all corporate middle-management jobs, and the number of women-owned businesses has grown by 57 percent since 1982? (Dundul, 1995). ?Affirmative action was designed to give qualified minorities a chance to compete on equal footing with Whites? (Chappell, 1995). Equal opportunities for the African Americans, for the most part, has remained more wishful-thinking than fact. African American students are continuing to struggle for an education. In society today, many educational institutions offer scholarships for minorities. Ethnic minority students can further their education from the elementary level to the Ph.D level. However, for a minority student, all the financial assistance in the world, is not going to pay for the racial discrimination that they may receive, while attending a white educational facility. In 1982 a young African American man had been accepted into an Ivy league institution. His family were proud of his achievements and his ability to become someone great. As time progressed, our African American student dressed like a black, walked like a black, looked like a black, but to keep well with his professors talked, and acted like his white counterparts. Equal opportunities for African Americans continue to be hard work and wishful-thinking. African American business owners are still competing against their White counterparts. Society labels and stereotypes certain ethic people. For example, when a person enters an electronic store and the owner is white, the person shopping continues to look at the items on the shelf. When an individual walks into an electronic store owned by an African American, the shopper may believe some of the items are stolen. Affirmative action is a written law requesting that minorities have equal opportunities however, society dictates how the opportunities will be given. African American workers are experiencing an unemployment rate twice that of Whites.The low

Behavior Tracking Contracts, Incident Reports, and Worksheets

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Student's Post Week 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student's Post Week 3 - Research Paper Example Principle of integrity also tested your ability to be honest and truthful to your organization regardless of your contrary opinion to its policy (Birdsall, 2005). While being ethical, with respect to the two principles, would protect your organization’s interest and foster its corporate image for respecting intellectual property rights, it would hurt the Indian buyers who already felt that they were victims of discrimination. I also believe that your post did not respond to the question accurately because the question required identification of three ethical principles and exploration of consequences of either implementing or violating them. I like your post that develops a realistic scenario for ethical evaluation and your ethical analysis over the situation. I however believe that reviewing ethical principles instead of ethical theories would have been a more accurate response to the discussion question. You could have discussed principles such as honesty and respect of other stakeholders to the simulated organization. Being honest to the organization’s ethical guidelines and respecting minors’ personality by refusing to recruit and overexploit them would establish the organization’s corporate image and save it from legal liabilities (Piper, 2002). Birdsall, N. (2005). Asymmetric globalization: Global markets require good global politics. In F. H. Maidment (Ed.), International business (14th ed., pp. 92-96). Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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